Application of M-commerce in Human Resource Management Essay

Application of M-commerce in Human Resource Management - Essay Example Mobile commerce is one such evolving areas of technology that is gaining lot of attention these days. It is a concept that is fast growing and is adopted in all types of business environment in order to get efficient as well as thorough results. Mobile commerce which is most commonly known as M-Commerce is the capability to carry on with any particular business transaction or commerce by making use of the mobile devices which includes that of mobile phones, smart phone, Personal Digital Assistant of PDA as it is commonly known as, and other such evolving technological equipments like that of the latest dash top mobile phone device. If one wants to get deeper into mobile commerce then it would be any sort of transactions which includes that of rights of ownership on a specific goods or services and the entire process of initiation or completion of the commercial activity should be carried out by making use of the mobile phone (Mennecke B 2003). Everything right from purchase to that o f selling of the products and services are now carried out using a mobile device. Some of the most common areas of services includes mobile banking, mobile brokerage, participating in auctions, mobile purchase facility and that of mobile marketing and advertising activity. The impact that mobile commerce is having over human resource management is very wide. In order to make a business model successful, adequate care and attention needs to be paid to that of the human resource management which is the crux of any organizations’ growth. Proper human resource management serves to be the winning formula. In this ever growing world, things get more advanced and complicated. Human resource area needs extra effort and there should be proper line of communication and well thought out approach. The best would be to act quickly on any human resource related issues which act as the pillar of confidence for the business (Stair R 2012). Using mobile commerce technology for managing human resource is the only best way to gain what one wants to. Everything right from regular checkups, accounting, resource allocation, tracking the performance of the individual can be carried out using a mobile commerce service. There are several types of platforms and functions that are released which makes the application of mobile commerce in human resource management a valuable asset for better managements and success of the business. An organization is a combination of many things and the responsibility levels are higher. There are many essential aspects to look for in an organization and it should be properly managed in order to derive high performance (Xu J 2009). In the recent times, there are many sort of mobile commerce devices that are evolving big time. The mobile device is connected to the computer network directly and all of the information regarding the resources can be accessed directly. The mobile commerce facility in mobile phone not only provide with the ability to ac cess the available materials in common network but also offers with the capacity to make any changes or take actions directly. Human resource field is a wide area and if not properly managed or arranged it will bring in more problem to the company and business. The latest mobile device that is launched recently comes with a better facility to track each and every activity of the resources (Branki C 2008). A human resource mobile application can

Several Limitations On The Growth Of Ecommerce Marketing Essay

Several Limitations On The Growth Of Ecommerce Marketing Essay The early years of e-commerce is ungoverned (Laudon and Traver, 2009) while the todays e-commerce is stronger regulation and governance (Laudon and Traver, 2009). When the e-commerce is just start to launch, the government was not set the rules and regulation for the e-commerce business and do not control over it. While todays e-commerce is having stronger regulation and governance (Laudon and Traver, 2009) than early years of e-commerce, the e-commerce business was protecting by Internet rules and regulation worldwide and government was keeping an eye on it. The early years of e-commerce is practice pure online strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) where the organizations are doing their business in the virtual world without having the physical store in real world. Whereas, todays e-commerce is practice mixed bricks and clicks strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) that run their business in both way which are doing their transaction in the Internet and in the physical store. There are a lot of dot com raised when the beginning of e-commerce, but there only a few that able to survive until today (Laudon and Traver, 2009). The example for the organizational that using pure online strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) in the early years of e-commerce is Amazon.com while the organizational that using the mixed bricks and clicks strategies (Laudon and Traver, 2009) in todays e-commerce is Tesco.com. The early years of e-commerce is apply disintermediation (Laudon and Traver, 2009) while todays e-commerce is strengthening the process of intermediation (Laudon and Traver, 2009). In the early years of e-commerce, the organizations prefer to manage their market relationship directly with their customers without the presence of the intermediary, they eliminate the intermediation process. But the intense competition that result from disintermediation process (Laudon and Traver, 2009), it encourage todays e-commerce to do their business with the presence of intermediary. In the early years of e-commerce, it was practice the technology-driven (Laudon and Traver, 2009) which the organizational need to put a lot of effort to develop their organizational web site in the Internet. They are more emphasis on the development of the information technologies that useful for their web site. In todays e-commerce, the organization is more focus on the business-driven (Laudon and Traver, 2009) where they are more focus on the strategies that apply in their business. For those organization that was the first enter to the market in the early years of e-commerce will enjoy the benefit of being the first mover (Laudon and Traver, 2009). As the first mover of the market, the organizations would build their brand name easily, get a lot of customer quickly (Laudon and Traver, 2009) and be the leader in the market. While for the todays e-commerce, the organization is practice strategic follower strength (Laudon and Traver, 2009) which is they are found out and enjoy the advantages to become the follower in the market. What are the major limitations on the growth of e-commerce? Which, in your opinion, is potentially the toughest to overcome? The major limitations on the growth of e-commerce are categorized in two segments which are technological limitations and non-technological limitations (Turban et al. 2010). For the technological limitations, there are several limitations on the growth of e-commerce: Software and tools for develop the web site is changing from time to time (Turban et al. 2010). The organization need to up to date by using the software or tools in building their company web site so it show to consumer that they are able to follow the trend. For example: organization may use the old version of internet browser in the earlier year when build the web site but they need to change it to the latest version of internet browser when there is the movement of the technology. Cost to access the Internet is expensive or inconvenient (Turban et al. 2010) to some of the country. For the third world country such as Africa, the cost to access to the internet may be very costly to them and the people in that country may be is inconvenient to browse the internet. Many people in the Africa is not affordable to have internet service in their house even own a personal computer in their house is a luxury goods to them. When they are unable to afford to buy a computer and access to the internet, they also are not affording to buying products through the companys web site. For the non-technological limitations, there are several limitations on the growth of e-commerce: People are not having enough confidence to trust the faceless and paperless transactions (Turban et al. 2010). People especially the old-thinking generation will not trust to the buying and selling product or services through the Internet because they think the transactions in the Internet mostly are fraud transactions and doing the transaction without face-to-face communication will bring a lot of problem and do not make them confidence to the transactions. Security and privacy issues are stop customer to buying and selling in the Internet world (Turban et al. 2010). Nowadays, there are a lot of fraudulent transactions and privacy information being stolen by other people when customers are doing transaction in the Internet, this situation will make customer lost their confidence toward buying and selling goods through the Internet. When customer is paying by using credit card in the Internet, they will feel worry whether their personal information will being use by other people unauthorized or getting them involved in the criminal. In my opinion, the toughest limitation to be overcome would be the security and privacy issues (Turban et al. 2010). A lot of intelligence criminal is embezzling consumers privacy information they have filled in the Internet and steal their identity with the aid of advanced technology and software. This is difficult to overcome since the rules and regulations for the Internet are incomplete and unclear and undefined. The punishment for the Internet criminal should be more rigorous to prevent the Internet criminal being increases in the future. Task 1b: What are some of the major advantages and disadvantages of being a first mover? First mover is defined as the organizations that first enters the market and gather market share in a short period (Laudon and Traver, 2009). The advantages of being a first mover are: Being a first mover, the firm can enjoy the technology leadership where firm was using the technological skills that were hard to copy by other companies (later entrance to the market) (Ettington, 2010). As a technology leadership, firm also can enjoy the benefit of patent their product to prevent other competitor to copy their product. For example: Amazon.Com was the first company using the collaborative filtering-technologies that help them to analyze one customers purchase and suggest the customer other books that people with similar preferences have bought(Mellahi and Johnson, 2000). By doing this, Amazon.Com could create brand loyalty among their customer since they are the first web sites that provide this feature. Amazon.Com have patent its affiliate programmes and one-click buying features (Mellahi and Johnson, 2000) to protect the features being imitate by others. Besides that, being a first mover achieves the benefit of preemption assets (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987) which is the ability of the firm to manage the better resources than late entrants. First mover was able to choose which resources that best meet their requirement such as in natural resources, geographical location and distribution channels (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). For the first mover, the firm will have the dominant position to choose the natural resources that best suit to their firms product than the late entrants. Wal-Mart was the first retail shop that takes advantage in choosing to open a discount store in a small town. Other than that, first mover can build the buyer switching cost (Ettington, 2010) in order to prevent customer to switch to other brands or products. When there is a switching cost barrier, the customer would not simply switch to other brands or product due to inconvenient or cost issues. By build buyer switching cost, it may lead to repeat purchasing among the customer. As the first mover, company will have the priority in more understanding the customers preference and produce the quality product to the customer. This may help the company to build the customers loyalty toward the companys brand. As the first mover in the market could experience the high degree of consumer awareness (Kerin, Varadarajan and Peterson, 1992). First mover firm will be the first firm entry to the market and it can make consumer pay high attention on the firm since it was the first in the market. With the successful market strategies and market positioning, it could help the firm to gain the consumer awareness toward the firm and the products. When the consumers have consumed the firms product and satisfied with the products performance, then it will leads to the repeat purchased behavior. Once the repeat purchase behavior was form, the consumer will unwilling to switch to other brand (late entrant). For example, when the first Apples iPhone is launched to the market, it creates the consumer awareness toward it product and established repeat purchase of iPhone when there is the latest version of iPhone is launched in the market. The disadvantages of being a first mover are: The disadvantages that may bring to first mover is the free riding by later entrance in the area of technology, employee training, infrastructure development and buyer education (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). For the first mover firm, they might be needed to invest a lot of capital into the product and develop a number of research and development toward the product their want to launch. While for the late entrants, they would like to imitate the first movers product since the research and development process is costly than imitation. Besides that, follower may also hire the staff from the first movers firm to prevent the heavy training cost (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). For example of infrastructure development, Sony have to spending their time and money for first launched the VCR product in the US market because they need to pursue lawsuit to allow consumer in have the right to record TV programmes for their own use (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). First mover in the market may be face the disadvantages of apply incorrect marketing strategies or technology (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987) for their product. First mover firm in order to maintain their market leader position and dominate in the industry, the firm have to forecast the technology development and customer demand precisely (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). The risk of the firm being failed in the industry may increase when the firm was wrongly anticipated the market and process of technology development. The British Air Corporation has introduced the first commercial-jet -the DeHaviland Comet was failed when there is a mistake in the design. While Boeing has dominated the global aircraft industry after the failure of British Air Corporation by comes up with a superior design in the form 707 (Lieberman and Montgomery, 1987). In addition, first mover may need to invest a huge amount of money and time into the development of their product. First mover may face a number of failures when in the product development stage while late entrant does not need to pass through this process. Late entrant may not need to invest such a huge amount in their product development because they may copy the first movers product, marketing strategies and technology used to develop the product. Besides that, first mover may also face the problem of market uncertainty and demand uncertainty. As the first mover firm, they need to clearly clarify the market uncertainty and demand uncertainty since these two factors may lead to the failure of the product. The firms need to exactly understand what the customer really need and produce the product that can meet the customers need exactly. The firms also need to understand the market trend and produce the product that mostly suit to the market so that the firm will not failed although they was the first mover.

Good Food Industry :: essays research papers

GOOD FOODS INCORPORATED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food, Incorporated (GFI) is a company founded on the belief that children can grow up healthier and live longer if they are fed a natural, nutritionally balanced diet starting earlier in life. GFI’s goal is to increase awareness of this link between diet and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food Industry was a start up business with three principals presently involved in its development. GFI’s principals have researched and developed a line of unique children’s food products based on the holistic health concept. The holistic concept, which health food consumer determined was widely accepted among adult consumers of health foods, was new to child-care field. Hence GFI planned to take advantage of the opportunities for market development and penetration that its principals were confident exists. GFI also believed that the existing baby-food industry paid only cursory attention to providing high quality, nutrition products, and that the limited number of truly healthy and nutritious baby foods created a market void that GFI could successfully fill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market Research During its market research phase, GFI engaged â€Å"Vick Product Sales Research Corporation† as its marketing and advertising consulting company. Vick prepared reports on industry trends for the traditional children’s food industry and healthy food industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vick’s market research showed that the United States was entering a â€Å"mini baby boom† that would increase the potential market base for its products. Health food products would approach the market place primarily through the health food stores and nature food centres in major supermarket chain stores, initially in the northwest and California. Acceptance of the GFI concept in these areas would enable The Company to expand to a national market. Market Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GFI planned to direct its efforts to the sale of its health care products through the health food retail outlets and natural food centres located within major supermarkets. Geographically, the company would initially direct its efforts in two key areas: Northeast, especially around New York City: and particularly in the Reno, Nevada and Sacramento, California area. Both areas had a high concentration of adult health food consumers who GFI had found, through market research and analysis, to be most receptive to health concepts for children. According to this market research the specific target markets that GFI would approach through these outlets were: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents who were concerned about their health and their children’s health and who thus demand higher quality and more nutritionally lanced foods and products. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operators of child-care centres who provide meals to children. Good Food Industry :: essays research papers GOOD FOODS INCORPORATED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food, Incorporated (GFI) is a company founded on the belief that children can grow up healthier and live longer if they are fed a natural, nutritionally balanced diet starting earlier in life. GFI’s goal is to increase awareness of this link between diet and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food Industry was a start up business with three principals presently involved in its development. GFI’s principals have researched and developed a line of unique children’s food products based on the holistic health concept. The holistic concept, which health food consumer determined was widely accepted among adult consumers of health foods, was new to child-care field. Hence GFI planned to take advantage of the opportunities for market development and penetration that its principals were confident exists. GFI also believed that the existing baby-food industry paid only cursory attention to providing high quality, nutrition products, and that the limited number of truly healthy and nutritious baby foods created a market void that GFI could successfully fill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market Research During its market research phase, GFI engaged â€Å"Vick Product Sales Research Corporation† as its marketing and advertising consulting company. Vick prepared reports on industry trends for the traditional children’s food industry and healthy food industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vick’s market research showed that the United States was entering a â€Å"mini baby boom† that would increase the potential market base for its products. Health food products would approach the market place primarily through the health food stores and nature food centres in major supermarket chain stores, initially in the northwest and California. Acceptance of the GFI concept in these areas would enable The Company to expand to a national market. Market Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GFI planned to direct its efforts to the sale of its health care products through the health food retail outlets and natural food centres located within major supermarkets. Geographically, the company would initially direct its efforts in two key areas: Northeast, especially around New York City: and particularly in the Reno, Nevada and Sacramento, California area. Both areas had a high concentration of adult health food consumers who GFI had found, through market research and analysis, to be most receptive to health concepts for children. According to this market research the specific target markets that GFI would approach through these outlets were: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents who were concerned about their health and their children’s health and who thus demand higher quality and more nutritionally lanced foods and products. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operators of child-care centres who provide meals to children.

Phil History

Many of us didn't know who are we and where we came from. From the quote â€Å"Nothing of me is original. I am the combined effort of everyone I've ever known†, it says that we, Filipinos don't have any original identity, our identity, like the political, social, economical, and cultural that we have today, came up from the colonization of the other country, like Spain, America, and Japan. Before the colonization of Spain, America, and Japan, Philippines said to have a vast culture In political, economical, social and cultural.In 7,107 Islands In the Philippines there are different people living with different political, economical, social and cultural approach. In pre-colonization, the system of government decentralized, meaning there is no center government to govern the other small government. The leader of the barbarian is a Data, Confederacy is a Rah, and Sultanate is a sultan. Their Judicial system Is oral, which means, whatever the law imposed by the leader It will be s poken through a messenger. They formed alliances through the process of â€Å"Sandburg†.Some lived near bodies of water, and some lived In the mountains or rest. The lifestyle of the people living near the bodies of water are fishing, boat building, pottery, farming, and so many more, while the people living in the mountains are swished, farming, hunting, gathering, etc. People living before the colonization, have a social strata, first is the imaging and data class, a ruling and warrior class. Second Is the maharaja, a wealthy class. Third Is the Tamaki or freeman, a commoner. Last Is the Labial or Roller, debt peons. People In the pre colonization have a system of writing called Babylon.They also have religion, called minims, they worship anoint/Anita, data and their priest/sees is called Babylon. The Muslims saw Misguidance and Sulk first before the Spaniards came to the Philippines and introduce their religion called Islam, where their God is Allah and prophet is Mohammed All. When the Spanish came to Philippines, their only purpose Is the g's: God, Gold and Glory. They colonize us in two ways, one is with religion and the other Is with the use of sword. Religion came to victorious. The Spaniards gave us new way to live our life; they also introduce us to their religion, which is Christianity.We, Filipinos at home set up altars in the Hispanic tradition, adorned with Catholic images, flowers and candles. During fiestas, most communities organize church services and religious processions in honor of a patron saint. Also, we inherit the holiday of the Spaniards, for January 1 – New years day, March or April – Seaman Santa also called Holy week, October 31 – November 2 – All saints day and all souls day, December 24 – Niche Buena also known as Christmas Eve, and December 25 – Christmas. They created two governments, one is the central government and the other is the local government.The central government is he aded by Governor-General, who is the commander-in-chief, head of an army and navy, he also have veto power, meaning if he seems the law is not good enough, he can nullify or cancel the law. He Is the Vice-Real Patron, and lastly, he Is the president provinces and the leader is called Lacked Mayor, Corrections, which are unified provinces, the leader is Corridors, Pueblo-towns, the leader is Gubernatorial, Cicada, the leader is Mountaintop and Barbarian, the leader is Caber. In the course of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, the friars instructed opulent Baroque-style church edifices.These structures are still found today everywhere across the country and they symbolize the cultural influence of Spain in Filipino life. The opulence of these edifices was clearly visible in the ornate facades, paintings, and sculpture, as well as in the behavioral patterns of the people and in the intricate rituals associated with Roman Catholic churches. While it is true that the Spaniards expl oited labor in the construction of the imposing Baroque-style sanctuaries for Roman Catholic worship, it is also true that these same edifices came the means by which Filipino artistic talents and inclinations were expressed.The carpenters, masons, craftsmen, and artisans were mainly Filipinos. In this way, the Roman Catholic Church and religion influenced Filipino architectural and building style, even as the rituals and festivities of the Church influenced Filipino dances, songs, paintings, and literary writings. Through these influences, the Church afforded the Filipinos abundant opportunities for both solemn rites and Joyous festivities and celebrations known as â€Å"fiestas. The services inside the Catholic hurries often spilled out into the thoroughfare in the form of colorful and pageant- filled religious processions in which the rich and the poor participated. Dining, drinking, and merrymaking often followed or accompanied such religious activities. During these feasts, Sp anish culinary specialties like â€Å"paella† which means a dish consisting of a mixture of rice, chicken and shellfish, â€Å"razor valerian† which means glutinous rice and chicken cooked in coconut milk, and â€Å"lingua† meaning sautà ©ed ox- tongue usually with mushroom sauce became part of the local table fare.The rites ND feasts served to provide relief from the drudgery of humdrum village existence, to release pent-up social and economic frustrations, or to foster community spirit and unity. With the help of the Americans, Philippines got its independence after the sacrifices they undergo under the Spaniards. After the independence, Americans redistribute the enormous land properties that were given during the Spanish period to the Catholic Church. Even though they redistribute the land, the small farmers didn't get any land because they can't prove that they are the owner of that land and they can't pay the asked price.The lands became the property of l arge landowners. American General Douglas Mac Arthur landed in Elite, one of the biggest islands in Central Island of the Philippines with 700 vessel and 174 000 army and navy. Since the American led us, the government was divided into three branches: Judiciary, system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of state. It also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes among people. Legislative, the one who make the law or pertaining to the enactment of law. Last is, Executive, the one who enforces the law or have the power to put plans, actions or laws into effect.There are also schools that were built during their time, like the agricultural schools; Philippine Normal University and University of the Philippines. Their medium of instruction was English and the teachers are called Atomies. Also, there were public schools that were open up for the education of the Filipinos. Also, during the introduced to us by the Americans and approximately three hundred thousand Filipinos become protestant. In the economical part, Americans built roads, streets, bridges, and new infrastructures that made movement of products and services more efficient.It also improved the Philippines economy by the development of new industries, increase in agricultural production. In the social part, Filipinos learned to play games, watch movies, new kinds of music introduced to us by Americans, using respectful greetings like â€Å"Magenta magma PDP' were replaced by merely saying â€Å"Good morning†, â€Å"Paganism' was replaced by kissing the cheeks of parents and elders as a sign of respect. We lost our sense of â€Å"banish. † Women wear dresses, high- heeled shoes, and a handbag, while men, Suits, polo shirts, ties and Jeans. The Japanese started when they started attacking the Pearl Habit.It is also in the Japanese time, when the Filipinos do the death march from Bataan to San Fernando Pangaea where many of Filipino died. In their occupatio n, the Japanese introduced to us duck farming, fish breeding, and other influences like removing slippers before entering the house, bonsai planting, and manufacturing farm tools and war weapons. They also taught us origami, their martial art, Judo, and tanning of deer skin. Since the Japanese where here for Just a short period of time, they didn't leave much of their culture but they change the way things are done in the Philippines. Just like strict curfews was enforced.Even though our country has an identity of our own before the coming of the colonizers, like Filipinos know how to survive and have their own ways to live, they can create things by the use of what they see in their surroundings, but we had been greatly influenced by the country that colonized us. I think that the three countries that colonized us changed our political, economical, cultural and social system of our country. I think our identity today, as Filipinos are mixed from the Spanish, Americans and Japanese influence to us. Our lifestyles that we have now came from different influences of other country to us.Today, some of the Filipinos still do â€Å"banish† in some of the provinces in the Philippines, There are many Spanish influences on Filipino culture. Thousands of Spanish words are load in most Filipino languages. We, Filipinos sometime speak Spanish, when we have simple conversation, like mesa, silly, and many other Spanish words, all over the Philippines. The traditions of the Spanish, their holidays, their religion, and even their government are also the influences of the Spaniards as they colonized our country. The influence of the Spanish, like â€Å"paganism as inkstands† still lives in us or inAmerican influence, â€Å"packaging as pissing† some of the Filipino do this as a respect to the elderly or to their parents. The way of how we dress is also influenced by Spanish and America. We wear coat and tie for going to work, Barron and flapping dress for attending marriage or baptism, and gown or dresses for attending formal parties. We also adopt their government which is the local and central government. We also adopt the system of government of America given to us, the legislative, the Judiciary and the executive. With the help of the American, the agriculture of our country has en improved.

A report about the recruitment and selection for a particular job role Essay

The assignment is to write a report about the recruitment and selection for a particular job role in the sports and leisure industry. The tasks are: to create a job advert and get my peers to act as applicants; go through the whole recruitment and selection process and at the end choosing the most suitable candidate out of those that applied; choosing the most suitable applicant and offering them the position; producing an induction and motivational programme for the chosen candidate. Sufficient research will be carried out to help the analysis of the recruitment and selection processes. There will be an evaluation judging the effectiveness of chosen approaches. The Recruitment Process Recruitment is the process of generating a pool of capable people to apply for employment to an organisation. The Recruitment Process is when a business looks for and finds a suitable person to fill a certain job position. This includes job description, job adverts, person specification, application forms, short listing, dealing with references, assessing candidates, deciding on the most suitable candidate and then informing those who did not get the job. Businesses need to avoid discrimination by sex, race, disability or age during the recruitment process so that they do not get sued. This allows them to make sure the best candidate gets the job. Firstly the business will need to draw up the Job Description. This usually includes the job title, location, information about the company, the job purpose, a detailed list of job requirements and skills, the salary and benefits, working hours, promotion prospects, who the employee will be responsible to and finally who the employee is responsible for. In order to draw up a suitable job description, the human resource manager interviews the current jobholder and the line manager so that they can do a job analysis. A job description is drawn up because it is important when carrying out appraisals, and it helps analyse jobs and training. It also helps with work force planning and pay determination. They can then use the job description to place the job advertisement. EXAMPLE OF A JOB DESCRIPTION POST TITLE Administration Assistant DIVISION/DEPARTMENT Installation & Facilities Management REPORTS TO Installation & Facilities Manager GRADE 7 AIM To provide administrative support within the Specified Group within the Technical Division. The post holder will be required to work flexibly, in a rapidly developing office environment. It may be necessary to assist, or cover for, other administrative staff from time to time. RESPONSIBILITIES The key duties of the post are as follows: * Filing of correspondence in/out * Setting up and maintenance of filing systems as and when required as works progress * Preparing document transmittal forms based on a list of drawings/documents which the Group is required to issue * Upkeep of the document/drawing register of all the Group contractors who have been sent documents/drawings and their issue * Typing – Word skills for general preparation of letters/forms that the Group will issue, along with logging into the Group records system. * User notifications for statutory/routine/unplanned for inspections/testing/repairs, etc. * Arrange meetings, book and prepare meeting rooms and provide/arrange hospitality * Once operational – helpdesk assistance Plus other duties consistent with the grade as directed. Because businesses change often the Job Description will inevitably change. An employee might need to do other jobs that are similar to their job if they are directed to do so by their management. Next they will need to draw up a Person Specification using the seven-point plan, which was an idea from Alec Rodger. The seven points are: 1. Physique, health and appearance- is the person well groomed? Are their looks suitable? Are their dress sense, voice, hearing and eyesight suitable? Is their health in order? 2. Attainments- what type of educational and vocational qualifications do they have? What is their job experience? 3. General intelligence-What is the level of the person’s general intelligence (obtained through IQ tests)? 4. Special aptitudes- what special skills does the person have? 5. Interests- what are their interests and hobbies? 6. Disposition- do they tend to influence others? Have they got leadership potential? 7. Circumstances- what is their age group? Are they single or married? Are they mobile or not? This usually requires managers to differentiate between essential and desirable qualities under each heading. For example five GCSE’s at a grade C or above might be essential for ‘Attainment’ to do a particular job, whereas two GCE A Levels might be desirable but not essential. Then the job advertisement can be placed. To create the best advertisement you have to make sure that: the advertisement gives a clear picture of what the job entails, the advertisement sets out clearly where the job is located, the advertisement is focused enough to attract people with the right sort of qualifications for the post, the sort of people most likely to apply for the job are suitable, the advertisement indicates opportunities for job development and for personal challenges over time, that an applicant knows how to apply for a job and that the advertisement in its present form will screen out unsuitable applicants. The advertisement should be placed in a suitable place so that the people with the right qualities apply. Most advertisements include the job description, a brief description of the environment of the organization, the location of the organisation and the job, the salary expectation, the contact details, the minimum entrance qualifications, the required job exp erience, the fringe benefits and the organisational identity. A job advert should provide prospective candidates with information but should also deter people who are not suitable for the job. The presentation is also important as it gives people their first impression of the organization. Many legal considerations need to be met when recruiting. The equal pay act 1970 states that there should be equal pay and conditions for people doing the same job and this would apply to the job advert. The Sex discrimination act 1975 states that employers can’t discriminate between potential employees on the fact that they are male or female. The 1986 sex discrimination act states that there must be a similar retirement date for both men and women. The race relation act 1968, 1976, 2000 states that there can be no discrimination against people of different colours, race, ethnicity or national origins. Finally the disability discrimination act 1995 and 2004 states there must be no discrimination at work, and that the employer must provide a suitable workplace for the disabled employees. Here is a flow diagram of the recruitment process: The Selection Process Selection is the process by which managers and others use specific instruments to choose from a pool of applicants a person or persons most likely to succeed in the job(s), given management goals and legal requirements. Firstly you have to draw up a shortlist of the most suitable applicants out of the large number that applied for the job. The people who draw up the shortlist use the job description, person specification and other sets of criteria to reject the people who are not right for the job. They are usually sorted into three piles of suitable candidates, possible candidates and rejects. After this you would send out letters to invite the most suitable candidates to an interview. These letters set out where and when the interview will take place and anything that the candidate will need to do before the interview. Usually, the interviewer creates forms for use during the interview including a list of questions to ask. Equal opportunities requirements state that the candidates must be asked the same questions. Sometimes the interviewer will also draw up a list of criteria for the candidates to meet. Also you will need copies of the interviewee’s application forms, CV’s, and cover letters and copies of the person specification, the job description and interview assessment schedules showing the criteria for the applicants. Interviews are generally relaxed and comfortable so that the applicant can show their best side. A good way to start could be to ask questions about the candidate’s journey to the interview. The interview is a two-way process and although it is a way for the interviewer to find the best candidate for the job, it is also a way for the interviewee to make sure this is a suitable environment for them to be working in. The question asked should relate to the person specification and job description. Most of the time the interviewers will make notes to judge if the candidate meets the requirements. Also questions are asked that need detailed answers. Some jobs involve testing to find out whether certain people have the right personalities to carry out specific types of work. A psychometric test is a way of assessing a person’s personality, drives and motivations. An aptitude test is used to find out whether a candidate is suited to carrying out a particular type of work and involve some form of stimulation of that type of work. At the end of the interview, the interviewer should ask the interviewee if there is anything they would like to ask. Then the interviewer will explain how they will inform the candidate whether or not they got the job in question. Normally candidates will be given feedback on how they performed in the interview. They should be told why they were not suitable for the post, but also tell them what they did well. This feedback should be seen as a positive process and help with the ongoing development of the interviewee. After the most suitable candidate is selected, they will be informed of the choice and they will be asked if then still want the job. This is normally done over the phone straight after the decision has been made. Then the person will accept or reject the job. Legal considerations need to be met when selecting aswell. The Sex discrimination act 1975 states that employers can’t discriminate between potential employees on the fact that they are male or female. The 1986 sex discrimination act states that there must be a similar retirement date for both men and women. The disability discrimination act 1995 and 2004 states there must be no discrimination at work, and that the employer must provide a suitable workplace for the disabled employees. The race relation act 1968, 1976, 2000 states that there can be no discrimination against people of different colours, race, ethnicity or national origins. Finally, the equal pay act 1970 states that there should be equal pay and conditions for people doing the same job. Here is a diagram of the selection process: Induction Process Induction is a formal initiation of a new employee into a new organization or new position, the job they will have to do and the people they will have to work with. After completing the recruitment and selection processes, the chosen candidate is sent all details that will be needed for the job. This will include the start date and time, place of work, who to ask for on arrival, details of social provisions and details of medical care and pension provisions. The employee could ask for a written statement of the terms and conditions of employment. Induction normally includes giving them a tour of their workplace, teaching them about the aims of the business, giving them some background information about the company, teaching them about health and safety around the company (fire exits e.t.c), how to contact the company when they are absent, ill or late, an introduction to the various people they will be working with and making sure that they know if the person needs training or not. The Induction programme must be suitable for the candidate and also the job role. An induction package would include the objectives for the induction programme, which would set put what you want the employee to get out of the induction. It would also include a timetable for the induction and an outline of the activities that they will have to carry out. Induction is carried out because it allows a new employee to get acquainted with the company and the people in it, it teaches them about company policies, their rights, and the health and safety requirements, and finally it ensures that the employee starts working effectively and productively as soon as possible. By the end of induction the new employee aims to find out as much important information about the company as possible, find out what their part will be in helping the company run efficiently, feel comfortable and optimistic about working at the company and it will help them in personal development and finally find out about their rights and responsibilities. Employees need to be conscious of what they need to do if they are going to be absent or late or if they are ill. If there are too many absences then it will begin to affect the performance of a team. Also if an employee knows they are going to be late then they need to inform management so that appropriate cover can be provided. Most organisation ask employees to get a note from the doctor to prove they have been sick, and a doctor’s certificate if they are away for more than five days. If the new employee is unfamiliar with the software used in the company then they will have to be familiarised with it. Therefore the employee will need to talk through the software with the employee and, if this doesn’t work, send them for training. In some cases on-the-job training is more effective as it undertaken in the workplace and it therefore familiarises them with the computer in the workplace. However, in other cases, off-the-job training is more effective as it is away from the workplace and people who have correct qualifications train them. Legal considerations also need to be met when inducting. The disability discrimination act 1995 and 2004 states there must be no discrimination at work, and that the employer must provide a suitable workplace for the disabled employees. The Sex discrimination act 1975 states that employers can’t discriminate between potential employees on the fact that they are male or female. The 1986 sex discrimination act states that there must be a similar retirement date for both men and women. The race relation act 1976, 2000 states that there can be no discrimination against people of different colours, race, ethnicity or national origins. Finally, the health and safety at work act 1974 which states that ‘it shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonable practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all his or her employers’. Motivation Motivation is applying what drives a person, so that they will want to work productively for your company. Everyone is motivated differently. If a business had a motivated workforce then a businesses profitability will be boosted. Different factors of motivation will increase revenue and reduce costs. If an employee is motivated to increase their efforts then there will be higher productivity, if an employee is motivated to take pride in their work then there will be improved quality in work, if an employee is motivated to be loyal to company then there will be a reduced labour turnover and if an employee is committed to a company then it reduces absenteeism. There are many different theories about motivation. Here are two: 1. A. Maslow- Hierarchy of needs In 1954 an American psychologist Abraham Maslow had a theory about what motivated people in the workplace. He believed that all human beings had the same types of needs and this could be organised into a hierarchy of needs. This was his hierarchy: What people need What businesses can offer To achieve their full potential Self-fulfilment needs Training, challenges and opportunities to develop skills Gaining the respect of others; feeling valued; having confidence and self respect Self-esteem needs Reward for achievement promotion and status Being part of the group; giving and receiving affection and friendship Love and belonging needs Opportunities for teamwork; social facilities and positive work relations Security; absence of danger and freedom from anxiety Security needs High standards of healthy and safety; job security; absence of bullying Food, water, air, rest and activity Basic needs Decent pay to enable needs to be met; acceptable hours and conditions He said that firstly lower-level needs have to be met, but to avoid employees feeling irritated higher-level needs should also be met. If an employee feels irritated then they might be demotivated and nonchalant towards their work. 2. F. Herzberg- Two factor theory In the 1950’s the American psychologist Fredrick Herzberg conducted research that asked about motivation. He asked 200 engineers and accountants about the factors in their work that caused job satisfaction and those that caused dissatisfaction. He used the results from his research to develop his Two Factor theory of motivation. In his theory two sets of factors motivate workers, and these were motivators and hygiene factors. Motivator factors- These are factors that could potentially motivate workers by providing job satisfaction. They include a feeling that they have achieved something, praise and recognition of effort, interesting work, responsibility, opportunities for promotion and opportunities for self-improvement. Hygiene factors- All factors that cause dissatisfaction are to do with the working environment. These include company policy, relationships with supervisors and colleagues, working conditions, pay and status and security. Financial incentives There are many different financial incentives. These are: * Wages, salaries and bonuses * Profit sharing * Share options There are many different types of wages. Flat rate is when you get paid weekly or monthly and it is based on a set number of hours. Time rate is when you receive a set rate hour and then pay overtime if any is done. Piece rate is when you are paid for what is made as long as it meets quality standards. Bonuses are paid if an employee has been working hard at times like Christmas when people are likely to work less hard as the holiday season comes in. Commission is a type of salary based on the percentage of sales made by a salesperson. Profit Sharing is when employees are given bonuses based on the profit made by the organisation. This will help employees see that if the business is doing well, they will do well also. Share options are when employees buy shares in the business and then are rewarded according to how well the organisation is doing. This also means that they will get paid dividends as they are shareholders. Non Financial Incentives There are also many types of non-financial incentives. These are: * Goal Setting * Perks and status symbols * Appraisals * Meeting training needs Goal setting is when managers set goals for employees to work towards. This can make the employer feel like they’ve achieved something by reaching their set goal. A perks is when you get something extra in return for doing a particular job, and an example of a status symbol is having a sign outside you door. An appraisal is meeting between an employee and an appraiser, where targets are set, and also seen whether they manage to meet their targets from the period before that. Finally, meeting training needs is important; as it makes sure that the employee has a good knowledge of all the equipment they are working with. Barnet Burnt Oak Leisure Centre The leisure centre chosen for this project is Barnet Burnt Oak Leisure Centre, which is located on Watling Avenue in Burnt Oak. Their indoor facilities include a state-of-the-art Wellness Health and Fitness centre with 100 pieces of the latest equipment, dance studio with an extensive group exercise programme, a crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½che, a 4 court badminton sports hall, basketball, trampolining, football, netball, gymnastics and an indoor facilities changing room. Their outdoor facilities include an all-weather pitch for 7-a-side football and hockey, one Junior 11-a-side and two 7-a-side grass football pitches, 2 outdoor tarmac areas for netball, basketball, football and tennis, and outdoor facility changing rooms. Customer Service Advisor I am recruiting for a Customer Service Advisor at the Barnet Burnt Oak Leisure Centre. The Customer Service Advisors main job is to get people to join the gym. They have to be able to handle all different types of customers. They are expected to keep up to date with product and company policy changes in order to answer any customer queries. They have to have good communication skills, patience and common sense. They must be polite and friendly, calm, even when under pressure, thorough and accurate and finally they have to be interested in working with people. They have to be able to work as part of a team and on their own. They have to be over 18. Recruitment Process When advertising for a position at the Barnet Burnt Oak leisure centre, they firstly write up their job description. This tells us that the job is for a Customer Service Advisor, and that it is located at the Barnet Burnt Oak Leisure Centre. It tells us some important information about the company, the job purpose, a detailed list of job requirements and skills, the salary and benefits of the job, working hours, promotion prospects, who the employee will be responsible for and finally who the employee will be responsible for. Next they draw up a person specification. They normally try to look for people who are patient and have good communication skills and common sense. Firstly they try to recruit internally. The advantages of doing this are that it requires a shorter induction period, the employer will be more aware of the candidates skills and it is quicker and cheaper than recruiting externally. However the disadvantages of this are another vacancies will be created and this will also have to be filled and external candidates may be more suitable for the job. Therefore, if their internal recruitment is unsuccessful then they recruit externally and place an advert in the local press. There is no set qualifications needed to be a Customer Service Advisor but you have to be over 18 and you have to have a minimum of one to two years experience in any job. Selection Process At the Barnet Burnt Oak Leisure Centre they hold open days where they invite people to the centre to fill in an application form, and then if they meet the criteria set out in the person specification then they are invited to stay for an interview. The interview is on a one to one basis. The candidates are asked about their relevant experience and qualifications and they are asked what they would do in a particular situation at the leisure centre. Each question asked is worth 12 points and they do not consider anyone whose answer is less than 8 points. If the person is unsuccessful then they are told straight away, otherwise they are told within 2 days over the phone. Then they do a shadow shift and they are set mini tasks over three days to help them decide whom they want to recruit. Other employees are asked what they think of the new employee and so there is a lot of teamwork involved in the decision. Induction Process When the most suitable candidate is informed that they have the job, they are invited back to the centre and they do on-the-job training. On-the-job training would be learning to use a certain database that is used at the leisure centre. Their skills and qualifications are monitored and if they need extra they are sent on off-the-job training course. Included in the induction process is health and safety, which includes showing them where fire exits are. Motivation Process There are no specific motivational tools used at the Barnet Burnt Oak Leisure Centre, just to be cheerful, and don’t force yourself to do it. Legal Dimension The Leisure Centre follows the Sex discrimination act 1975 which states that employers can’t discriminate between potential employees on the fact that they are male or female; the 1986 sex discrimination act states that there must be a similar retirement date for both men and women; the disability discrimination act 1995 and 2004 states there must be no discrimination at work, and that the employer must provide a suitable workplace for the disabled employees; the race relation act 1968, 1976, 2000 states that there can be no discrimination against people of different colours, race, ethnicity or national origins and finally, the equal pay act 1970 states that there should be equal pay and conditions for people doing the same job. If they do discriminate they are liable to be sued. Simulated practice I decide that to understand more fully the stages within recruitment and selection, I had to take the role of an employer. Recruitment Firstly I drew up my Job Description. This included the job title, location, and information about the company, the job purpose, a list of job experience and qualifications needed, the salary, working hours, and finally the person that the employee is responsible to. Job Title * Customer Service Advisor Location * Barnet Burnt Oak Leisure Centre * Burnt Oak * Watling Avenue About the company Greenwich Leisure Limited (GLL) is an innovative staff led ‘Leisure Trust’, structured as an Industrial and Provident Society, which manages more than forty public leisure centres within the M25 area in partnership with nine London Boroughs, Epsom & Ewell Borough Council, Bellingham Community Project, Sport England and the London Development Agency. Job purpose * Get people to join the gym. * Basic customer care i.e. showing people where things are (toilets, crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½che e.t.c.). Qualifications * No set qualifications needed Experience * At least 1-2 years experience in work Salary * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16,000-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½17,000 per annum Working hours * 40 hours per week Reports to * Manager: George I did this job description in this way because I thought it would screen out unsuitable candidates. When I was shortlisting my candidates I realized that perhaps it could have been more specific in the qualifications and experience sections and possible could have had a minimum requirement of 5 A*-C grades in GCSE for qualifications and for experience could have said that 1-2 experience in customer service. Next, I drew up a Person Specification using Alec Rodger’s seven-point plan. Physique, health and appearance * Must be committed to a healthy lifestyle * Must be smartly dressed * Must be able to see the writing on a computer screen Attainments * Min of 5 A*-C grade at GCSE (desirable) * 1-2 years experience in work General Intelligence * Must have common sense Special Aptitudes * Patience Interests * Fitness Disposition * Good communication skills Circumstances * Must be over 18 * Marital status: Single (Desirable) * Mobile (Desirable) I decided to do my person specification in this way because again I thought that it would screen out the unsuitable candidates. It was better than the job description, but it also had its own faults. I could have expanded on my special aptitudes, and included enthusiasm. I could have also expanded on the interests and added working with computers and working with people. Finally, I could have added to the disposition and added good written skills and good ICT skills. Then the job advertisement can be placed. To create my job advertisement I stated clearly in the title what job it is so that people who are looking for this sort of job will read the rest of the advert. The job description would hopefully have deterred unsuitable candidates. Again like the job description and person specification it didn’t do as good a job as I would have hoped. However, I did get a lot of potential candidates that were suitable for the job. Selection I received many different CV’s and then I sent them all letters of invitations. This letter sets out what job the interview is for, where and when the interview will take place, anything the candidate needs to bring and who to ask for arrival so that the candidate will be fully prepared for the interview. When I created my application form (See appendix) I considered all the factors that all good application forms have. The questions I decided to put on the application were designed to show me which candidates were more suitable than others. This was effective when it came to shortlisting, because it was shown that some candidates couldn’t read simple instructions like ‘Please complete this application form in black ink’. I created a list of 17 interview questions (See appendix) to ask my candidates. The interview questions were my most successful tool as they were what showed me the candidate’s personalities. It was from this that I made my final decision about the candidate I chose. I informed the most successful candidate by phone to gain immediate acceptance. I did not inform the candidates not chosen as it would have been too time consuming. Evaluation My job description and person specification were problematic, as they did not develop some of the points made. In the job description, it was when it cam to relevant qualifications and experience; and in the person specification the disposition, interest and special aptitudes. My job advert was very good in filtering unsuitable candidates but possibly not as much as I had initially wanted. My selection process was definitely more successful. The interview questions helped me get an insight into how the candidates worked and if they would be perfect for the job. I did not break any legal considerations when I was recruiting, selecting, motivating and inducting. I carefully stayed within the equal pay act 1970 which states that there should be equal pay and conditions for people doing the same job, the sex discrimination act 1975 which states that employers can’t discriminate between potential employees on the fact that they are male or female, the 1986 sex discrimination act which states that there must be a similar retirement date for both men and women, the race relation act 1968, 1976, 2000 which states that there can be no discrimination against people of different colours, race, ethnicity or national origins, and finally the disability discrimination act 1995 and 2004 states there must be no discrimination at work, and that the employer must provide a suitable workplace for the disabled employees. I also asked my potential employees the same interview questions so that there was no unfairness when it came to picking my final appl icant. I also fitted equal opportunities into my application form. If the activity were repeated I would change my job description and person specification so that it would expand on what I have already done and it would help me be more selective about whom I interviewed and chose. If a different job role had been chosen that I had more knowledge about then I possible could have produced better human resources documentation and developed more into areas I didn’t know. However this job role was a good choice and I think it was done to the best of my ability at the time. In hindsight, however, I know that I could have done better and expanded more on certain ideas I had. I am now more aware of recruitment and selection process, and it will help me to get a job in the future because I will have a better understanding of how an applicant in selected.

Bodys temperature Essays

Bodys temperature Essays Bodys temperature Essay Bodys temperature Essay A warm-up should be specific to the activity that follows, so in the case of my training programme, the warm-up should be specifically related to tennis. It should include exercises that prepare the muscles to be used and activate the energy systems required for that particular.  The following stages should be followed in a warm-up;  1. The heart rate needs to be increased first, which increases the speed of oxygen delivery to the muscles as well as raising the bodys temperature. Cardiovascular exercise such as jogging will achieve this. 2. The athlete can perform some flexibility or stretching exercise as body temperature has been increased. It is essential that both static stretches and some calisthenic type activities are performed where the muscle is working over its full range.  3. The final stage of the warm-up should involve a sport-specific or skill related component where the neuro-muscular mechanisms related to the activity to follow are worked. For example, practising a serve or having a rally before the tennis match commences. Cool-down  Following the activity itself, a similar process must be followed in order to prevent any discomfort, such as sore muscles. It involves performing some light intensity exercise where heart rate remains elevated. The purpose is to keep metabolic activity high, and capillaries dilated, so that the oxygen can be circulated through the muscle tissue, removing and oxidising any lactic acid that remains. This will therefore prevent blood pooling in the veins that can cause dizziness if exercise is stopped abruptly. DOMS (Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness) can also be limited as a result of the cool-down. DOMS is characterised by tender and painful muscles often experienced in the days after heavy exercise. Soreness occurs as a result of damage to muscle fibres and connective tissue surrounding the fibres. The muscle fibres will repair themselves within a few days, and so any soreness is only temporary. DOMS is most likely to occur following eccentric contraction and can result from weight training, plyometrics and even from walking down a steep hill. The final part of the cool down should involve a period of stretching exercises, which should hopefully facilitate and improve flexibility, as the muscles are very warm at this stage.  The principles of training  The principles of training are essentially the rules or laws that strengthen a training programme.  Specificity-  The law of specificity suggests that any training undertaken should be relevant ant and appropriate to the sport for which the individual is training for. As I have chosen the sport tennis, the training programme needs to be relevant in many ways. For example most of the training should be done on land. Land based training would be more beneficial than pool based training because the environment is appropriate to tennis. It is also important to relate the training to the predominantly used energy system. In tennis, the aerobic system is used more than the anaerobic system, and therefore most of the training should be aerobic related. In terms of muscle groups, specificity will be used by performing drills, exercises and weights, which replicate the action of various shots in tennis. For example triceps extensions could replicate the action of a tennis serve or smash.  Progressive overload  This principle considers how intense the training programme should be. In order for the body to improve in health related factors, the training should be at an intensity that is outside their comfort zone. This is where the individual will feel some discomfort or pain. If exercise takes place on a regular basis the bodys systems will adapt and start to cope with these stresses that have been imposed. In order for further improvements to occur, the intensity of the exercise will need to be gradually increased. This is called progression. Reversibility  Performance will deteriorate over time if training ceases or the intensity decreases for extended periods of time.  Overtraining  It is common to overtrain in the months leading up to a competition. If I were to increase training loads and frequency of training as high as possible in order to reach my greatest possible fitness levels for an improved performance then fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle tenderness, sleep disturbance and head colds could occur. To combat overtraining, I should have a long-lasting rest with training workloads reduced. The F.I.T.T. Regime  When designing my training programme it is important to include the F.I.T.T. Frequency of Training  This is how often the training will be performed. For my training programme, I will gradually build up the number of days that I will train on. This refers to the principle of progression. I will do aerobic training on most days, but more intense activities or anaerobic activities will be done sufficiently less times during the week, with a maximum of four days a week as after strength or speed work rest days are needed for the bodys tissues to repair themselves following high intensity work.

President Richard Nixons Administration essays

President Richard Nixon's Administration essays January 20, 1969, Richard Nixon was sworn in as the thirty-seventh president of the United States. Nixon's vice-president was Spiro T. Agnew. His work as president started weeks earlier before he even took office. Those weeks were spent choosing the people who would be in his cabinet. In 1969, one of the most urgent businesses facing him was finding a way to end the Vietnam War without allowing the government of South Vietnam to be defeated by Communists. Nixon decided to drop bombs on Cambodia. Some of the people in Congress were upset with his decision, saying that it seemed that he was making the unpopular war more widespread. Nixon answered that he was only trying to end the war swiftly. A year later he orders troops to invade some areas in Cambodia where Communist troops were hiding in the jungle. This invasion started huge anti-war protests all over the United States. College students did most of the protesting destroying many college campus buildings by setting them on fire. The problem with the Communists in Vietnam had been passed to Nixon by the three presidents before him, in which none of them could solve the problem. Another thing was the economy of America. Inflation was at very high levels. People were losing their jobs. Nixon, unlike any ot her Republican president, made a big announcement on August 15, 1971. The prices of all good and service and the wages of most Americans would freeze for ninety days. During the ninety days, stores could not raise the prices of any items sold in the store. Also, workers could not ask for raises or higher salaries. After the ninety-day period, Nixon asked all Americans to follow the changes in the prices and the salaries very carefully. This request to the people, sounded like Nixon was trying to run the United States like a Communist government. After World War II ended, no American president had visited a Communist nation while in office. Nixon ended t...

The Mysterious Moon of Makemake

The Mysterious Moon of Makemake As weve explored in other stories, the outer solar system is really the new frontier of space exploration. This region, also called​  the Kuiper Belt, is populated with many icy, distant and small worlds that were once completely unknown to us. Pluto is the largest among them known (so far), and was visited in 2015 by the New Horizons mission.   The Hubble Space Telescope has the visual acuity to make out tiny worlds in the Kuiper Belt. For example, it resolved the moons of Pluto, which are very small. In its exploration of the Kuiper Belt, HST spotted a moon orbiting a world smaller than Pluto called Makemake. Makemake was discovered in 2005 via ground-based observations and is one of five known dwarf planets in the solar system. Its name comes from the natives of Easter Island, who saw Makemake as the creator of humanity and a god of fertility. Makemake was discovered shortly after Easter, and so the discoverers wanted to use a name in keeping with the word. The moon of Makemake is called MK 2, and it covers a pretty wide orbit around its parent body. Hubble spotted this little moon as it was about 13,000 miles away from Makemake. The world Makemake itself is only about 1434 kilometers (870 miles) wide and was discovered in 2005 via ground-based observations, and then further observed with HST. MK2 is perhaps only 161 kilometers (100 miles) across, so finding this tiny little world around a small dwarf planet was quite an accomplishment. What Does Makemakes Moon Tell us? When Hubble and other telescopes discover worlds in the distant solar system, they deliver a treasure trove of data to planetary scientists. At Makemake, for example, they can measure the length of the moons orbit. That allows researchers to calculate MK 2s orbit. As they find more moons around Kuiper Belt objects, planetary scientists can make some assumptions about the likelihood of other worlds having satellites of their own. In addition, as scientists study MK 2 in greater detail, they can figure out more about its density. That is, they can determine whether its made of rock or a rock-ice mix, or is an all-ice body. In addition, the shape of MK 2s orbit will tell them something about where this moon came from, that is, was it captured by Makemake, or did it form in place? Its history is likely very ancient, dating back to the origin of the solar system. Whatever we learn about this moon will also tell us something about conditions in the early epochs of solar system history, whe n worlds were forming and migrating.    Whats It Like on This Distant Moon? We dont really know all the details of this very distant moon, yet. It will take years of observations to nail down its atmospheric and surface compositions. Although planetary scientists dont have an actual picture of the surface of MK 2, they know enough to present us with an artists concept of what it might look like. It appears to have a very dark surface, likely due to discoloration by ultraviolet from the Sun and loss of bright, icy material to space. That little factoid comes NOT from a direct observation, but from an interesting side-effect of observing Makemake itself. Planetary scientists studied Makemake in infrared light and kept seeing a few areas that seemed warmer than they should be. It turns out what they may have been seeing as dark warmer patches were likely the dark-colored moon itself.   The realm of the outer solar system and the worlds it contains have a lot of hidden information about what conditions were like when the planets and moons were forming. Thats because this region of space is a veritable deep-freeze. It preserves ancient ices in much the same state they were when they formed during the birth of the Sun and planets.   Yet, that doesnt mean things dont change out there. On the contrary; there is plenty of change in the Kuiper Belt. On some worlds, such as Pluto, there ARE processes that heat and change the surface. That means that worlds DO change in ways that scientists are just beginning to understand. No longer does the term frozen wasteland mean that the region is dead. It simply means that temperatures and pressures out in the Kuiper Belt result in very different-looking and behaving worlds. Studying the Kuiper Belt is an ongoing process. There are many, many worlds out there to find- and eventually explore. Hubble Space Telescope, as well as several ground-based observatories are the front line of Kuiper Belt studies. Eventually, the James Webb Space Telescope will be set to work observing this region too, helping astronomers locate and chart the many bodies that still live out in the solar systems deep freeze.

Is Apple Inc the Most Innovation Organization Essay

Is Apple Inc the Most Innovation Organization - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Apple Inc is one of the most reputed American multinational organizations that develop and designs varied types of consumer electronics, personal computers, and computer software. Its head office is in Cupertino of California but it excellently controls the entire globe with its inventive product lines iPad, iPod, iPhone, Apple TV, Mac Computers and many others. Due to which, the total revenue and total equity increased by US$ 170.910 billion and US$ 123.549 billion by the year 2013. However, such a reputed image and position is attained by the organization of Apple Inc mainly due to its numerous innovative hardware, software’s and varied internet presentations to its customers so as to fulfill their requirements. Only then, it becomes successful in amplifying its brand value and market share to a significant extent among many other rival players such as Microsoft, IBM, Dell, Acer, HP, Lenovo etc. Other than this, the organizati on of Apple Inc always desired to offer best computing practice to its target customers through its high-quality products, services, and techniques so as to position itself as the dominant one, in this segment. Bargaining power of the customers: the bargaining power of the customers is extremely high. This is mainly due to the presence of numerous rival players as well as substitute products. Moreover, as the technology is advancing at a fast rate, the demand and desires of the customers are also advancing rapidly and so in order to retain its image and dominance, the organization of Apple Inc tried to offer varied types of inventive product lines such as I-phone, Ipad, Ipod etc. Introduction of these product lines proved extremely effective for the organization that amplified its market share, which is presented below. Bargaining power of the suppliers: the power of the suppliers is moderate as they had to obey the rules and regulations of the recognized organizations like Apple In c, Microsoft, Dell etc and had to offer the best quality of raw materials to their products. So that the reputation and loyalty of the brand organizations like Apple Inc remains extremely high within the minds of the customers.

Literature Support Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Literature Support - Research Paper Example The primary methods of data collection entailed questionnaires and interviews. Through interviews, patients who are prescribed to medical regimens were asked questions by the investigator with a view of determining the behaviors that determine whether they adhere to their medical regimens or not. Furthermore, questionnaires were used to give patients sufficient time and privacy of answering various questions that are designed to investigate the behaviors that define their behaviors towards adherence to medical regimens. Inclusion criteria for the primary research involved selection of a sample from individuals prescribed with medical regimen. Therefore, patients with heart conditions, diabetes and chronic diseases were included in the investigations. Moreover, the inclusion criteria focused at ensuring that there is diversity among respondents. Consequently, individuals from various social economic backgrounds, nationality, culture and race were included in the research. This is esse ntial since it helps the investigator achieve results that cover all factors that determine the behavior that affect adherence to medical regimen. Accordingly, the research accounted for factors such as economic abilities, cultural values, family relations and social background. The exclusion criteria involved exclusion of specific age groups from participating in the study depending on the medical condition that the regimen targets. For example, an investigation of management of heart conditions targeted adults, and exclude children because heart conditions are common among adults. Secondary research methodology entailed the review of relevant information databases. Credible sources of information among these databases will be included. The study was cautious while selecting the data to be used in the study to ensure that only relevant databases were included in the investigation. Particularly, databases with medical journals such as EBSCO and Pub Med and ProQuest were targeted in the collection of secondary information relevant to the topic. In order to ensure credibility, research based, and peer reviewed articles were included in the search. Moreover, the secondary search for information was promoted by the use of keywords related to the research topic. Accordingly, the search emphasized on the keywords like adherence, non-adherence, behavior, medical regimen and factors. Irrelevant materials were excluded while publications related to factors influencing adherence and non-adherence of the medical procedures and management of the diseases were selected. The study examined conditions that require medical regimens for effective management and care. These included evaluation of heart conditions, diabetes, cancer and HIV/AIDs. Consequently, the investigator included patients prescribed for medical regimen for management of the subsequent four conditions as case studies. Summary of Research Studies Griffith, R. (2008). Improving patients' adherence to medical r egimens. Practice Nurse, 31(4), 21-26. Retrieved from: http://www.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu.2048/ This article is a comprehensive research based information source with wide scope that includes the causes of patient non-adherence to medical regimens and ways in which adherence can be improved among these patients. Accordingly, the article is credible and relevant to the

Literature Support Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Literature Support - Research Paper Example The primary methods of data collection entailed questionnaires and interviews. Through interviews, patients who are prescribed to medical regimens were asked questions by the investigator with a view of determining the behaviors that determine whether they adhere to their medical regimens or not. Furthermore, questionnaires were used to give patients sufficient time and privacy of answering various questions that are designed to investigate the behaviors that define their behaviors towards adherence to medical regimens. Inclusion criteria for the primary research involved selection of a sample from individuals prescribed with medical regimen. Therefore, patients with heart conditions, diabetes and chronic diseases were included in the investigations. Moreover, the inclusion criteria focused at ensuring that there is diversity among respondents. Consequently, individuals from various social economic backgrounds, nationality, culture and race were included in the research. This is esse ntial since it helps the investigator achieve results that cover all factors that determine the behavior that affect adherence to medical regimen. Accordingly, the research accounted for factors such as economic abilities, cultural values, family relations and social background. The exclusion criteria involved exclusion of specific age groups from participating in the study depending on the medical condition that the regimen targets. For example, an investigation of management of heart conditions targeted adults, and exclude children because heart conditions are common among adults. Secondary research methodology entailed the review of relevant information databases. Credible sources of information among these databases will be included. The study was cautious while selecting the data to be used in the study to ensure that only relevant databases were included in the investigation. Particularly, databases with medical journals such as EBSCO and Pub Med and ProQuest were targeted in the collection of secondary information relevant to the topic. In order to ensure credibility, research based, and peer reviewed articles were included in the search. Moreover, the secondary search for information was promoted by the use of keywords related to the research topic. Accordingly, the search emphasized on the keywords like adherence, non-adherence, behavior, medical regimen and factors. Irrelevant materials were excluded while publications related to factors influencing adherence and non-adherence of the medical procedures and management of the diseases were selected. The study examined conditions that require medical regimens for effective management and care. These included evaluation of heart conditions, diabetes, cancer and HIV/AIDs. Consequently, the investigator included patients prescribed for medical regimen for management of the subsequent four conditions as case studies. Summary of Research Studies Griffith, R. (2008). Improving patients' adherence to medical r egimens. Practice Nurse, 31(4), 21-26. Retrieved from: http://www.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu.2048/ This article is a comprehensive research based information source with wide scope that includes the causes of patient non-adherence to medical regimens and ways in which adherence can be improved among these patients. Accordingly, the article is credible and relevant to the

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 20

Strategic Management - Essay Example The company believes in developing exceptional flow experience for its people. In this study different strategic frameworks have been included to determine strategic position of the firm in market place. These models are PESTLE analysis, Porter’s five forces model, competitor array, strategic group mapping, GE-McKinsey 9 box matrix, Bowman’s strategy clock, Ansoff’s matrix and TOWS matrix. The digital marketing strategy of the company has been outlined which shall support KONE in terms of offering new products to new geographical markets. There is intense competition in the industry and it can be addressed only through implementing innovating business strategies. KONE needs to explore new market opportunities through offering new products to target segment. Digital marketing strategies shall help the firm to easily access target market and acquire desirable profit margins. The mission or value statement of the company is to create best flow experience for people. KONE is regarded as the global leader in context of elevator industry. From past many years the company is actively indulged in offering superior quality escalators or elevators to its client base. KONE aims at achieving cost competitiveness and operational excellence through innovative processes and people leadership. KONE’s strategic objectives can be divided into four dimensions such as expanding base of loyal customers, initiating employee empowerment, enabling best experience for users and seeking profitable growth. Financial objective is to grow at a rapid rate in comparison to market growth rate. KONE aims at enhancing working capital rotation and reaching 16% EBIT. External environmental analysis indicates all possible external influences which have significant impact on business operations. KONE Great Britain has been operating in elevator and escalator industry from past many years. The entire business operations of KONE can be categorized into two distinct

Gender Discrimination in Hotel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Gender Discrimination in Hotel Industry - Essay Example A hotel provides a carefree atmosphere for its customers. It is a very sociable industry; its employees have a very high exposure to the customers. Looking at its contribution to the economy we can say that it is one of the most fast growing and biggest industries of the world.. Almost 10% of the gross national product is due to this hotel industry. In 2005, it gave revenue of almost 27 billion. After 2000 there was an increase of almost 4.5% in the hotel sector. In 2004, it gave almost 11.5 billion revenue. This huge increase shows that it is one of the fastest growing industries. In 2002, there were almost 280 000 employees in almost 40 000 establishments. London is the hub of hotel establishments in United Kingdom (Data Monitor, n.p, 2005; Hotel Research, n.p. 2006). In recent years we can notice that the hotel sector has been growing very fast. The main reasons for this are mergers and acquisitions. Sheraton Park Tower Hotel, Marriott London Park Lane, The London Hilton on Park Lane, Intercontinental etc are all five star hotels in the UK. Though we can see that there are many big names in this sector of the hospitality industry, but there is almost nothing being done in case of human resource management. Employment opportunities in the hospitality profession abound all over the world. In the majority of West European countries women predominate in the hotel staff but unfortunately, only a small number of women are in management positions. Though it might provide employment to many individuals but certainly does not provide equal opportunities to the women. A research was done by Purcell which revealed that women in the five star hotel sector of United Kingdom are horizontally segregated into particular jobs while being vertically segregated (Purcell, 18, 1996). Many researches have investigated the problem of equality rights and gender prejudices in the workplace. Many claim that because of the established dominance of males in the vast number of areas of public life, women are often placed in a disadvantaged position from the very beginning; Recruitment is considered to be one of the major issues in equal opportunities for women. However, statistical data shows a considerable increase in the percentage of women who are engaged in some kind of professional work. This increase has been in the lower level of the hierarchy, but as we go up we will notice lesser and lesser number of females. The Five star hotel sector of the hotel industry has conventional employment model. It has a linear path of progression (Boaxall & Purcell, 47-70, 2003). The top four positions in a five star hotel are General Manager (GM), Financial Director, Director of Sales and marketing (DSM) and Food and Beverages Manager (FBM). The general manager has the top most positions and other positions are mere steps of getting to the top. Other positions like house keeping and human resource are usually confined to women. These positions are less attractive to men as they usually have lesser pay. So, women are confined to these low paying jobs. It has also been investigated whether the level of education has any effect on this discrimination. It was found that female hospitality graduates were at least three

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Project Management - Essay Example An ineffective project planning can lead to a lot of risk management since, the processes such as monitoring and coordination lacks much seriousness. Therefore, importance of project management in organizations is a vital factor in the realization of the firm’s objectives and targets. A good project management leads to the business services of an organization gaining a lot of advantage, which appears through good attainment of goals, utilization of optimal resources and the making of informed business decisions. Another importance is that, a competitive advantage takes toll through an energized workforce through the execution and collaboration of a business culture, which, ensures the customers are satisfied fully. A well planned and a systematic project management plan can create a source of the organization’s tangible profits. Another importance is that, top management is able to attain exact and accurate timely data for the purposes of making informed decisions in business related matters. The project management cycle undergoes a five-step approach; they are initiation, planning, execution, monitoring/control and closure. Initiation is a process involving the giving of an overview of how the project looks like, and the strategy implemented in the organizations plan. This is done to achieve the desired results and in addition, it is where a project manager is appointed to guide the rest of project members due to his or her experience and skills. Planning is the second step, which includes risk assessment alongside defining the system used in order complete the plan. Execution and control are the third and fourth step respectively, which involves planning a solution used for the implementation of solving problems noted in the requirements of a project. Closure, which is the fifth and last step, involves a manager ensuring the

Subverting the Processes of Peer Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Subverting the Processes of Peer Review - Essay Example Hwang was indeed a brainy researcher. He had efficiently kept his collaborators, manipulating them with their own personal motives. With that, he had managed to maintain his established credibility within the span of his research and prominence. Hwang was a national hero in South Korea and was rose to fame after claiming a series of remarkable breakthroughs in the field of stem cell research. Despite the notable absence of any of the scientific data needed to probe the validity of his research, Hwang's several claims were well received by the South Korean media and public. They have been so attracted with his claim of immeasurable economic prospect that his research was said to be promising (Wikipedia, 2008). With such renowned standing, he maintained and expands his research team. Building it in a rigid hierarchical structure had made him extremely dominant among his researchers regardless of their titles. His collaborators worked for his fraud and some had even so consistent with their support despite the arousal of controversies. With their firm determination to back him up, he had managed to publicize his said noble study. Dr. Roh head of Seoul fertility clinic had agreed to collaborate with Hwang despite the anomalous way of obtaining the egg cell from paid donors and two of their junior researchers. When the controversy was exposed he even publicly admits the deed claiming that he was solely responsible and Hwang was unaware of the said anomaly. This was to cover up despite the fact that Hwang himself had distributed egg donation consent forms to his researchers and even personally escorted one to the MizMedi Hospital to take the egg extraction procedure. All these fabrication were for the assured credit on what had been thought as a promising research. In Hwang's laboratory, every order must be followed having him as a supervisor. Two of his junior researcher had even donated their eggs despite the inconvenience of the procedure. At a point, one of the researcher/donor in her attempt to disclose the fact had retracted her statement due to alleged coercion. Moreover, his team obediently follows when Hwang told them to make it look as if there were 11 stem cells when not even half that number was there. These were with the knowledge that they would have credit on the published discovery. On the contrary, all their efforts in the research would be wasted if they would disclose the fact. After having acquired a celebrity status in South Korea, Hwang actively sought to establish every possible tie to political and

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Project Management - Essay Example An ineffective project planning can lead to a lot of risk management since, the processes such as monitoring and coordination lacks much seriousness. Therefore, importance of project management in organizations is a vital factor in the realization of the firm’s objectives and targets. A good project management leads to the business services of an organization gaining a lot of advantage, which appears through good attainment of goals, utilization of optimal resources and the making of informed business decisions. Another importance is that, a competitive advantage takes toll through an energized workforce through the execution and collaboration of a business culture, which, ensures the customers are satisfied fully. A well planned and a systematic project management plan can create a source of the organization’s tangible profits. Another importance is that, top management is able to attain exact and accurate timely data for the purposes of making informed decisions in business related matters. The project management cycle undergoes a five-step approach; they are initiation, planning, execution, monitoring/control and closure. Initiation is a process involving the giving of an overview of how the project looks like, and the strategy implemented in the organizations plan. This is done to achieve the desired results and in addition, it is where a project manager is appointed to guide the rest of project members due to his or her experience and skills. Planning is the second step, which includes risk assessment alongside defining the system used in order complete the plan. Execution and control are the third and fourth step respectively, which involves planning a solution used for the implementation of solving problems noted in the requirements of a project. Closure, which is the fifth and last step, involves a manager ensuring the

RESPOND TO CLASSMATES RESPONSES ON BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN JAPAN Coursework

RESPOND TO CLASSMATES RESPONSES ON BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN JAPAN - Coursework Example You so well outline that the Japanese are a high power distance society where pessimism seems to have no room amidst the harmony that they so much value. Japanese mixing business with social or rather personal life can greatly overwhelm foreigners who might find it to be disgusting merely due little acquaintance with the Japanese’s way of life. To avert complications common in cross-cultural negotiations, Americans must comprehend Japanese non-verbal cues, as this will also ease the negotiation process. However, rather than relying on translators, it is most appropriate that one masters fundamental aspects of the Japanese language prior to attending a meeting in Japan. Your response portrays a good amount of research. Your introduction of deductive and inductive reasoning propels the discussion and instigates further exploration of the world of communication and psychology. The Japanese build trusts and harmonious relationships in every activity that they participate in. While asking questions about a culture is effective in understanding other people’s culture, it is important to appropriately contemplate the questions that can be asked to avoid offending the Japanese whose are proud of and gratified with their unique culture. Researching about Japanese culture prior to the meeting is also quite vivacious but the research should focus on points or sections that can be necessary during the business negotiation. Japanese customers want to feel treasured under every circumstance. As you rightly point out, saving face and showing respect to hierarchy are important in international trading especially in Japan. Multi-cultural diversity requires that business personnel are familiar with their partners’ culture. Embarking on a programme of language training will not be a waste of resources since the output will eventually overshadow the input. The company will appear to

Oregon Wines Essay Example for Free

Oregon Wines Essay Although winemaking dates back to 1840’s, in Oregon, commercial production began in 1960’s (Hall). Having a relatively short history of 50 years, today, Oregon is the third largest wine producer state of United States. As of 2009, the state hosts to 453 wineries which are mostly small and family-owned (Wine Communications Group). History of the Oregon Wine Industry The first grape plantation in the region was made by horticulturist Henderson Luelling, in Willamette Valley by 1847. By the 1850’s Peter Britt started growing wine grapes in his Valley View Vineyard, today’s Applegate Valley. According to the census; in 1860, wine production was 11,800 litres (2,600 gallons) in Oregon (Hall). By the 1880’s, Edward and John von Pessls planted Zinfandel, Riesling, and an unkown variety of Sauvignon in southern Oregon. At the same times in the north, in Willamette Valley, Ernest Reuter has been growing Klevner wines which brought him a gold medal at St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904 (Hall). The wine industry in Oregon closed down in 1919 because of the Prohibition. It revived by the late 1930’s as a fruit wine-based producer region. At that time there were only two producers, Louis Herbold and Adolph Doener growing grapes. Oregon’s wine industry was also damaged by the success of California winemakers (Hall). The rebirth of Oregon wines dates back to 1961, when Richard Sommer founded Hill Crest Vineyard near Roseburg. Although the production was based on Riesling, he also planted some Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon. In 1965, David Lett, the owner of Eyrie Vineyard, planted his first Pinot Noir near Convallis and after 1966, continued the production at Willamette Valley in the Dundee hills. This was the beginning of the era of Pinot Noir which Oregon is nowadays famous for (Hall). By the 1970’s many winemakers immigrated to Oregon from California. Some of them where David and Ginny Adelsheim, Dick Erath, Dick and Nancy Ponzi, Jerry and Ann Preston, Pat and Joe Campbell, Susan and Bill Sokol Blosser and Myron Redford. However, David Lett was the one who placed Oregon on the world’s wine map. In 1980, 1975 Eyrie Vineyard’s South Block Reserve Pinot Noir came second in the grand tasting of wines sponsored by the French Gault Millau guide and this called the attention of press to Oregon as a wine producer state (Hall). In 1990, Oregon was hosted to 70 wineries and 320 growers in 5,682 acres vineyard. In the early 1990s, Oregon wine industry got into the danger of Phylloxera infestation which was prevented quickly by the use of resistant rootstocks. Some beneficial laws for winemakers were enacted by the Oregon Legislature in 1995. For instance, direct in-state shipment from wineries to customers and in-store tasting were legalized (Chemeketa Community College). In 2000, the number of wineries had increased to 135 and 500 growers had been engaged in grapery in 10,500 acres vineyard. In the 2000’s producers have began giving importance to green wine production in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). An Oregon non-profit organization, Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. , has been certifying wineries for meeting certain environmental standards (Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. ) In 2005, there were 314 wineries and 519 vineyards in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). Grape Varietals Grown in Oregon Red Wine Varieties| White Grape Varieties| Baco Noir| Chardonnay| Barbera| Chenin Blanc| Black Muscat| Early Muscat| Cabarnet Franc| Gewurtztraminer| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Huxelrebe| Carmine| Melon| Dolcetto| Muller Thrugau| Gamay Noir| Muscat Canelli| Grenache| Pinot Blanc|. Leon Millot| Pinot Gris| Malbec| Riesling| Marechal Foch| Sauvignon Blanc| Merlot| Scheurebe| Petit Verdot| Semillon| Pinot Meunier| Viognier| Pinor Noir| | Sangiovese| | Syrah| | Zinfandel| | (Bernard’s Wine Gallery) Types of Wine Produced in Oregon In Oregon, wine production is mostly based on Pinot Noir and the state is one of the first Pinot-producing regions in the world. Apart from the list below indicating the wine varieties, the state also produces sparkling wine, late harvest wine, ice wine, and dessert wine (Hall). Red Wine Varieties| White Wine Varieties|. Produced in great amount| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Gewurtztraminer| Pinot Noir| Muller Thurgau| Syrah| Pinot Blanc| | Sauvignon Blanc| | Semillon| Produced in smaller amount| Baco Noir| Arneis| Cabarnet Franc| Chenin Blanc| Dolcetto| Viognier| Gamay Noir| | Grenache| | Marechal Foch| | Malbec| | Muscat| | Nebbiolo| | Petit Syrah| | Sangiovese| | Tempranillo| | Zinfandel| | Viticultural Area of Oregon Willamette Valley â€Å"Willamette Valley is the largest AVA of Oregon, running from the Columbia River in Portland south through Salem to the Calapooya Mountains outside Eugene†. The valley is 150 miles long and almost 60 miles wide (Oregon Wine Board). In the valley, summers are generally warm and arid and the winters are cool and rainy. It is ideal for cool climate grapes due to its temperate climate and coastal marine influences. During the growing season, the valley has more daylight hours than other areas of Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). â€Å"The Willamette Valley is an old volcanic and sedimentary seabed that has been overlaid with gravel, silt, rock and boulders brought by the Missoula Floods from Montana and Washington between thousands of years ago. Red Jory soil is the most common volcanic type in the region and provides excellent drainage for superior quality wine grapes. † (Oregon Wine Board) â€Å"The valley is surrounded by the Coast Range to the west, the Cascades to the east and a series of hill chains to the north† (Oregon Wine Board). The Willamette River runs through the middle of the valley. Most of the vineyards are concentrated on the west of this river, on the slopes of the Coast Range, or among the valleys and they are mostly located a few hundred feet above sea level (Oregon Wine Board). Columbia Valley Although the Columbia Valley AVA is an 11 million acre growing region, only a small section with 185 miles wide and 200 miles long lies in Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). The valley has a mostly continental high desert climate. The hot days and cool nights provide slow, even ripening and helps grapes keep their natural acidity. Annually, the area only receives 6 to 8 inches of rainfall which makes supplemental irrigation essential in the entire region (Oregon Wine Board). The area is covered with silt and sand which was deposited about 15,000 years ago. The deposited silt and sand came to the region 15,000 years ago because of a series of massive ice age floods and wind-blown loess sediment. Today the region is mostly covered by loess (fine grained calcerous silt) which is well drained and ideal for grapevines (Oregon Wine Board). The Columbia Valley mostly lies on the Columbia River Plateau. The valley is bordered by the mountain ranges on the west and north, by the Columbia River on the south and by the Snake River near Idaho on the east (Oregon Wine Board). Walla Walla Valley. As a sub-appellation of the Columbia Valley AVA, The Walla Walla Valley AVA is in the northeast of Oregon. Although most of the wineries of Walla Walla Valley are located in Washington, almost half of the vines are produced in the Oregon side (Oregon Wine Board). The region has long sunshine-filled days and cool evening temperatures. Annual rainfall is 12. 5 inches due to the Cascade Mountain Range. Therefore, irrigation is necessary for grape growing (Oregon Wine Board). The soils of the region consist of varying combinations of well-drained loam, cobbles, silt and loess (Oregon Wine Board). The valley is located at the foot of the Blue Mountains, with vineyard elevations varying from 650 to 1,500 feet. Cascade Mountain Range borders the western side of the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Umpqua Valley The Umpqua Valley AVA is surrounded by the Coast Range from the west, the Cascade Range from the east, the Willamette Valley AVA from the north and the Rogue Valley AVA from the south. The valley is 65 miles long and 25 miles wide. Umpqua River runs nearby the valley (Oregon Wine Board). There are three different climatic sub-zones in the valley. First one is the northern area around the town of Elkton which has a cool, marine-influenced climate suitable for cool-climate grape varieties. Annual rainfall is around 50 inches; therefore, the viticulturists only benefit from the rain to grow their vines. Second is the central area to the northwest of Roseburg which has an intermediate climate allowing both cool and warm varieties to grow. Last area is located on the south of Roseburg. It is suitable for warm-climate varieties, such as Tempranillo, Syrah and Merlot. This area is more arid which makes irrigation necessary (Oregon Wine Board). The Valley has diverse soils with more than 150 soil types. â€Å"The valley floor levels have mostly deep alluvial or heavy clay materials, while the hillsides and bench locations have mixed alluvial, silt or clay structures† (Oregon Wine Board). The Umpqua Valley is made up of a series of interconnecting small mountain ranges and valleys. The complex topography of the valley is a result of the collision of the Klamath Mountains, the Coast Range and the Cascades (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley The Rogue Valley AVA is located in the border of California. It is 70 miles wide by 60 miles long. Rogue Valley has the highest elevations of Oregons winegrowing regions on the east. However, it is also the warmest and the driest, allowing the winemakers to grow warm-weather varieties such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc. Cool-weather varieties, including Pinot noir do well here due to the mountain and ocean influences (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley has various soil types, ranging from sandy loam to hard clay (Oregon Wine Board). Vineyards are generally located 1,200 to 2,000 feet above the sea level and planted on hillsides. The Klamath Mountains, the Coastal Range and the Cascades converging in Rogue Valley lead to a diverse landscape. Besides, the namesake river and its tributaries, the Applegate, Illinois and Bear Creek Rivers run though the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Viticultural Practices in Oregon In Oregon, viticulturists mainly use vertical shoot position (VSP) training. However, combination of Scott Henry and Lyre is also used, with lesser amounts of GDC and hanging. Standard rootstocks used in Oregon are 101-14 and 3309, with a lot of 5C and SO4. Low to moderate vigor sites are being developed to keep the canopies small. Although some meter by meter plantings exist, majority of the vineyards are falling into the 84 to 95 range for quality. Creative viticultural practices are being used in Oregon, for example, â€Å"Joel Myer, a local vineyard consultant, uses a sensible linear feet of trellis formula to determine yields. He suggests that a pound of fruit per foot of trellis will give optimal fruit quality. At Bethel Heights Vineyard, Ted Casteel thins all Pinot Noir to one cluster per shoot. He is also experimenting with planting vines side by side, about a foot apart, and training to single guyot, to increase vine competition and slow vigor. He is also taking one of his most successful Pinot Noir fields on vertical shoot position (VSP) training and converting it to Scott Henry, just to see if opening the canopy will help enhance the ripening process and flavor development (Chien). † â€Å"Oregon has been committed to sustainable winegrowing and earth-friendly practices. Numerous vineyards of the state are certified sustainable, organic, or biodynamic† (Voorhees). Two main organizations that certify Oregon’s vineyards and wineries as sustainable are LIVE and OCSW. Low Input Viticulture Enology (LIVE). LIVE is an organization that provides education and independent third-party certification approving that the vineyards and wineries use international standards of sustainable viticulture and enology practices. They have been certifying vineyards and wineries in Oregon since 1999, in Washington since 2006 and nowadays in all of the Pacific Northwest. LIVE cooperates with Salmon-Safe in order to point out the watershed impacts and administers the Carbon Reduction Challenge, an organization helping wineries achieve energy efficiencies (Voorhees). Oregon Certified Sustainable Wine (OCSW). Founded in 2008, OCSW highlights the commitment of Oregon wineries to the responsible grape growing and winemaking. The organization certifies wine growers who meet both agricultural and winemaking requirements on sustainability and provides them a certification logo to be easily recognized by customers. To meet the agricultural requirements, 97% of the grape must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance and Salmon-Safe. On the other hand, to meet the winemaking requirements, the winery must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance (Voorhees). Producers within Oregon Valley View Winery Valley View Winery, owned by Wisnovsky family, is located in the Applegate Valley AVA, Southern Oregon. Valley View was founded in 1972 and it is one of the oldest wineries in Oregon. Valley View is famous for its pioneering efforts in producing Bordeaux varieties and blends. They mainly use grapes from the Applegate and Bear Creek Valleys of Southern Oregon’s Rogue Valley and produce Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Viognier, Sauvignon blanc, Rousanne, Chardonnay and Syrah (Valley View Winery). The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards was founded by David Lett in 1966. It is composed of 49 acres in several different vineyards in Dundee Hills, Oregon which is a sub-American Viticultural Area (AVA) of Willamette Valley AVA. David Lett produced the first Pinot gris in the United States and first Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley. The Eyrie Vineyards divide their production into three as Estate Reserve wines, Estate wines, and Limited Bottlings. All grapes for their Estate Reserve wines; Pinot noir and Chardonnay, come from Eyrie’s original planting. This is the oldest plating in the Willamette Valley at 40 years. The grapes for Eyrie’s Estate wines come mostly from their three other vineyards; Stonehedge, Sisters, and Rolling Green Farm which were planted in the 1980’s. They grow Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay. Finally, their small production, limited bottling wines include Muscat Ottonel, Pinot Blanc and Pinot Meunier (The Eyrie Vineyards). Abacela Vineyard and Winery In 1992, Earl and Hilda Jones bought a 19th century homestead in southern part of the Umpqua Valley to produce Tempranillo wines which they fell in love to in Spain. In 1994 they built the winery and began planting the Tempranillos they purchased from California. They chose the Umpqua Valley because of its similar climate to the one of Spain’s Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions where Tempranillo grapes are grown. Today, in addition to the eight different Tempranillo clones at Abacela, they grow grapes and produce wine from Spains white variety, Albarino, as well as other Iberian varieties including Graciano, Tinta roriz and Bastardo (used in the production of port-style wines) and French varieties such as Syrah, Grenache, Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Petit verdot and Viognier (Wines Northwest). Bibliography Abacela Vine Wine Center in Oregons Umpqua Valley Wine Region. Wines Northwest. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. winesnw. com/abacela. htm. About The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. eyrievineyards. com/journal/? page_id=4. Chien, Mark L. The Oregon Wine Community and Its Viticulture. Pennsylvannia Wine Grape Network. Penn State Cooperative Extension, n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://www. pawinegrape. com/uploads/PDF%20files/Documents/Travelogues/Other%20Locals/The%20Oregon%20Wine%20Industry%20and%20its%20Viticulture. pdf. Hall, Lisa Shara. History of the Oregon Wine Industry. History of the Oregon Wine Industry. Ed. Mitchell Beazley. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://avalonwine. com/Oregon-Wine-history. php. History of Oregon Wine. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 May 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Oregon_wine. Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://www. liveinc. org/. Northwest Viticultural Center: Oregon Wine Historical Milestones. Discover Chemeketa Community College. Chemeketa.